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Наслідування Омейядських Монет Viii Століття з Позначенням Монетного Двору Карх з Верхньо-салтівського Катакомбного Могильника

Titre traduit Imitations of Viii-century Umayyad Coins With the Mint Name "karkh" , From the Verkhniysaltiv Catacomb Burial Ground
Auteurs Eugene Lemberg (Лемберг Е.М.), Viktor Aksionov
Publié dans Український нумізматичний щорічник, Volume 8 (2024)
The Ukrainian Numismatic Annual
Pages 190-202 (13 pages)
Télécharger https://doi.org/10.31470/2616-6275-2024-8-190-202
Numéro
N#
L143164
 
Imitation of Kufic coins, VIII century, Kerch, Crimea, Saltiv-Mayak culture, Khazar Khaganate, Circulation of Kufic Coins, Dinars of the Umayyad Caliphate, Ibn Rusta

Résumé

Purpose of the study. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the imitations of VIII-century Umayyad coins found in the burial inventory of Catacomb No. 30 of the Verkhniy-Saltiv catacomb burial ground IV, focusing on their possible interpretation, determination of their purpose, technical characteristics, and likely place of manufacture. The study contributes to reconstructing potential pathways and circumstances that facilitated the spread of Kufic coins in the region of modern Ukraine through the Khazar Khaganate. Research methods. The article employs a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach combining methods of archaeology, numismatics, graphic analysis, and historical textual studies. The archaeological description of the funerary inventory included documenting the details of the excavations of Catacomb No. 30 and analyzing the context in which the discussed imitation coins were discovered. The numismatic analysis of the pendants involved a stamp analysis using modern computer tools, particularly Adobe Photoshop software, and a comparison with known examples of officially minted Umayyad coins. The contextual analysis was enriched by studying written sources, including the works of IbnRusta and Khazarian-Hebrew correspondence, along with specialized historical research. Results of the study . The funerary inventory of Catacomb No. 30 of the Verkhniy-Saltiv catacomb burial ground IV contained numerous artifacts, including a necklace discovered in female burial No. 5, with beads made of various materials such as carnelian, monochrome glass, and hornblende. Of particular interest were two coin-like pendants made of copper alloy. These items exhibit traces of gilding, likely indicating an attempt to imitate gold coins. Numismatic analysis revealed that the conditional obverses of both pendants were struck using the same stamp. The inscriptions, written in Arabic Kufic script, suggest familiarity on the part of the craftsman with the coins of the Arab Caliphate. However, the presence of grammatical errors in the texts and stylistic inconsistencies with official coins confirms the imitative nature of these objects. The authors paid special attention to analyzing the circular inscription on the obverse, which presumably contains the name of the mint. Several interpretations were proposed: “KR,” “Karaj,” and “Karkh,” along with brief information about the corresponding locations that could have served as mints for the official coin prototypes. The reading “Karkh” ( di· ) was identified as the most plausible, based on the discovery's circumstances and historical sources. IbnRusta's geographical descriptions mention Karkh as a city in the Black Sea region, while Khazarian-Hebrew correspondence refers to Kerch as one of the key centers of the Khazar Khaganate in this area. The historical works of V. Bartol`d and A. Ajbabin support the identification of Karkh with Kerch and document its functioning in the VIII century, when Kerch was a significant point on international trade routes under the governance of a Khazar-appointed official. Arguments in favor of identifying Karkh with Kerch include not only its geographical localization but also its function as an administrative center, which might have contributed to the production of imitations for regional circulation. This suggests that the Crimean population was familiar with the official coins of the Umayyad Caliphate and adapted the minting process to local conditions. Conclusions. The study demonstrates one of the elements of the cultural and economic influence of the Islamic Caliphate on the Khazar Khaganate in the VIII century, where coins served both monetary and socio-cultural functions. The use of gold dinars or their imitations as pendants for necklaces likely held symbolic significance associated with status, understood by the population of the Saltiv-Mayak culture. The discovered artifacts are unique examples of the local production of imitation coins of the Umayyad Caliphate. The study supports the theory of monetary circulation in the territory of the Khazar Khaganate and marks the early penetration of Kufic coins into the territory of modern Ukraine in the VIII century.

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